In different stages of their life cycle, engineered nanomaterials can be both intentionally and unintentionally released to the waste water stream and reach waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). There diverse processes, such as attachment to sludge flocks or other transformations may occur that modify their subsequent fate and effects in the environment.

 

1. Attachment
2. Sulfidation

Case studies	Read also
Fate of Ag, ZnO, CuO NPs in managed waste facilities Sulfidation kinetics of CuO NPs Removal of Ag and CeO2 NPs by a pilot WWTP CeO2 NP transformation during sewage sludge incineration	R. Kaegi, A. Voegelin, C. Ort, B. Sinnet, B. Thalmann, J. Krismer, H. Hagendorfer, M. Elumelu and E.Mueller,  Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in urban wastewater systems, Water research, 2013, 47, 3866-3877.

Contact

  Ralf Kägi

  EAWAG, Switzerland 

  ralf.kaegi@eawag.ch